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Minggu, 29 April 2012

Present Tense


Udah pada tau kan apa yang dimaksud dengan Present Tense? Nah, kali ini kita bakal bahas topik itu. Yukk.

A. Present Tense
Present tense terbagi atas 4 bagian, seperti
1. Simple Present Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuos Tense
Kali ini kita akan belajar tenses ini dan contoh pemakaiannya dalam kalimat. Berikut pembahasannya. :)

1. Simple Present Tense (waktu sekarang sederhana)
Tense ini digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan atau kegiatan yang dilakukan secara berulang-ulang atau juga dipakai untuk menyatakan kebiasaan seseorang yang dapat dilakukan setiap hari, setiap minggu, setiap bulan atau setiap tahun. Tense ini juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum/kejadian alam:
RUMUS UMUM:
a. S + tobe + (am/is/are) + ...
b. S + Verb bentuk I (s/es) + ...

a. Kalimat Nominal
Rumus ini digunakan pada kalimat nominal yang tidak mempunyai kata kerja, tetapi langsung kata sifat, kata benda, dan kata keterangan setelah subjek.
RUMUS:
(+) : S + tobe + ...
(-) : S + tobe + not + ...
(?) : Tobe + S + ...
(-?) : Tobe + not + S + ...

Untuk membentuk kalimat tanya (Interrogative) to be diletakkan di depan subjek. Untuk kalimat pertanyaan yang menyangkal (Negative, Interrogative) setelah to be ditambah not dalam bentuk kontraksi (isn't, aren't, amn't). Sedangkan membuat kalimat menyangkal (negative) maka setelah to be langsung ditambah not.
Contoh:
(+) : Icha is a teacher (Icha seorang guru).
(-) : Icha is not a teacher (Icha bukan seorang guru).
(?) : Is Icha a teacher? (apakah Icha seorang guru?)
(-?) Isn't Icha a teacher? (tidakkah Icha seorang guru)

‎(+) : The students are diligent. (Murid-murid itu rajin)
(-) : The students are not diligent. (Murid-murid itu tidak rajin)
(?) : Are the studentd diligent? (apakah murid-murid itu rajin?)
(-?) : Aren't the students diligent? (tidakkah murid-murid itu rajin?)

(+) : You are at home. (kamu di rumah)
(-) : You aren't at home. (kamu tidak di rumah)
(?) : Are you at home? (apakah kamu di rumah?)
(-?) : Aren't you at home? (tidakkah kamu di rumah?)

‎(+) : The earth is round. (bumi itu bulat)
(-) : The earth isn't round. (bumi tidak bulat)
(?) : Is the earth round? (apakah bumi itu bulat?)
(-?) : Isn't the earth round? (tidakkah bumi itu bulat?)

Catatan:
Penggunaan to be:
Is : untuk subjek he, she, it (orang ketiga tunggal, dan kata benda)
Am : untuk subjek I.
Are : untuk subjek you, we, they (jamak).

Kontraksi to be:
Is not : Isn't
Are not : Aren't
Am not : Amn't

b. Kalimat Verbal
Semua kata kerja yang subjeknya orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, it) ditambah dengan s/es, sedangkan pada subjek I, you, we, they, kata kerja yang digunakan adalah kata kerja dasar (Verb I).
Untuk membentuk kalimat negative, setelah subjek I, you, we, they, ditambah do not.
Setelaj subjek he, she, it, ditambahkan does not dan kata kerjanya kembali ke bentuk dasar. Untuk membentuk kalimat Interrogative ditambah do/does di depan kalimat don't dan doesn't pada kalimat negative interrogative.
RUMUS:
(+) : S + Verb I (s/es).
(-) : S + (do/does) + not + Verb I.
(?) : Do/does + S + Verb I + ?
(-?) : Don't/doesn't + S + Verb I + ?
Contoh:
(+) : They study English everyday. (mereka belajar Bahasa Inggris setiap hari)
(-) : They don't study English everyday. (Mereka tidak belajar Bahasa Inggris setiap hari)
(?) : Do they study English everyday? (Apakah mereka belajar Bahasa Inggris setiap hari?)
(-?) : Don't they study English everyday? (tidakkah mereka belajar Bahasa Inggris setiap hari?)

(+) : Andi goes to school every morning. (Andi pergi ke sekolah setiap pagi)
(-) : Andi doesn,t go to school every morning. (Andi tidak pergi ke sekolah setiap pagi)
(?) : Does Andi go to school every morning? (apakah Andi pergi ke sekolah setiap pagi?)
(-?) : Doesn't Andi go to school every morning? (tidakkah Andi pergi ke sekolah setiap pagi?)

‎(+) : I take a bath twice a day. (saya mandi 2 kali sehari)
(-) : I don't take a bath twice a day. (saya tidak mandi 2 kali sehari)
(?) : Do I take a bath twice a day? (apakah saya mandi 2 kali sehari?)
(-?) : Don't I take a bath twice a day? (tidakkah saya mandi 2 kali sehari?)

(+) : Indah buy rice once a month. (Indah membeli beras sekali sebulan)
(-) : Indah doesn't buy rice once a month. (Indah tidak membeli beras sekali sebulan)
(?) : Does Indah buy rice once a month? (apakah Indah membeli beras sekali sebulan?)
(-?) : Doesn't Indah buy rice once a month? (tidakkah Indah membeli beras sekali sebulan?)
 
2. Present Continuous Tense (Waktu sedang berlangsung)
Tense ini untuk menyatakan kejadian/perbuatan yang sedang berlangsunk saat ini.
RUMUS:
(+) : S + to be (am/is/are) + Verb (ing)
(-) : S + not + to be (am/is/are) + Verb (ing)
(?) : To be (am/is/are) + S + Verb (ing) + ?
(-?) : Not + to be (am/is/are) + S + Verb (ing) + ?
Contoh:
(+) : Mother is cooking now.
(-) : Mother isn't cooking now.
(?) : Is mother cooking now?
(-?) : Is not mother cooking now?

(+) : I'm playing chess today
(-) : I'm not playing chess today.
(?) : Am I playing chess today?
(-?) : Amn't I playing chess today?

(+) : They are watching TV
(-) : They are not watching TV.
(?) : Are they watching TV?
(-?) : Aren't they watching TV?

(+) : Kiki is reading a book.
(-) : Kiki is not reading a book.
(?) : Is Kiki reading a book?
(-?) : Isn't Kiki reading a book?

(+) : Deli and Icha are studying.
(-) : Deli and Icha are not studying.
(?) : Are Deli and Icha studying?
(-?) : Aren't Deli and Icha studying?

Catatan:
Keterangan waktu yang sering dipergunakan:
now: sekarang
at present: pada saat ini
today: hari ini
this morning: pagi ini
tonight: malam ini

3. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu sempurna sekarang)
Tense ini digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu pekerjaan yang telah selesai pada saat kalimat dibuat atau peristiwa lampau yang ada hubungannya dengan sekarang.
RUMUS:
3. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu sempurna sekarang)
Tense ini digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu pekerjaan yang telah selesai pada saat kalimat dibuat atau peristiwa lampau yang ada hubungannya dengan sekarang.
RUMUS:
a. S + have/has + been + ...
b. S + have/has + Verb III + ...

Contoh:
(+) : You have been there for an hour.
(-) : You haven't been there for an hour.
(?) : Have you been there for ab hour?
(-?) : Haven't you been there for an hour?

(+) : He has done the lesson since yesterday.
(-) : He hasn't done the lesson since yesterday.
(?) : Has he done the lesson since yesterday?
(-?) : Hasn't he done the lesson since yesterday?

(+) : I have already eaten.
(-) : I haven't already eaten.
(?) : Have I already eaten?
(-?) : Haven't I already eaten?

(+) : We have ever been here.
(-) : We have not ever been here.
(?) : Have we ever been here?
(-?) : Haven't we ever been here?

(+) : Yantia has gone to Bali.
(-) : Yantia has not gone to Bali.
(?) : Has Yantia gone to Bali?
(-?) : Hasn't Yantia gone to Bali?

Catatan:
Keterangan waktu yang sering dipakai adalah:
For : selama
Since : sejak
Already : telah
Ever : pernah
Never : tidak pernah

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang)
Tense ini digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa/perbuatan yang dimulai diwaktu lampau dan masih berlangsung hingga sekarang.
RUMUS:
S + have/has + been + Verb (ing) + ...
 (+) : S + have/has + been + Verb (ing) + ...
(-) : S + have/has + not + been + Verb (ing) + ...
(?) : Have/has + S + been + Verb (ing) + ... + ?
(-?) : Have/has + not + S + been + Verb (ing) + ... + ?

Contoh:
(+) : I have been working all night.
(-) : I have not been working all night.
(?) : Have I been working all night?
(-?) : Haven't I been working all night?

(+) : Wulan has been doing the work all day.
(-) : Wulan has not been doing the work all day
(?) : Has Wulan been doing the work all day?
(-?) : Hasn't Wulan been doing the work all day?

(+) : We have been swimming for 2 hours.
(-) : We have not been swimming for 2 hours.
(?) : Have we been swimming for 2 hours?
(-?) : Haven't we been swimming for 2 hours?

(+) : Mr. Fariz has been living here since 1995.
(-) : Mr. Fariz has not been living here since 1995.
(?) : Has Mr. Fariz been living here since 1995?
(-?) : Hasn't Mr. Fariz been living here since 1995?

(+) : Atin has been reading novel for an hour.
(-) : Atin has not been reading novel for an hour.
(?) : Has Atin been reading novel for an hour?
(-?) : Hasn't Atin been reading novel for an hour?

Catatan:
Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan adalah
Since : sejak
For : selama
The whole day : sepanjang hari.

Sekian dulu ya pembahasannya. sorry nih pembahasannya gak banya. soalnya kepala ku pusing kalo lama-lama di depan monitor. hehe
ntar aku perbaharuin lagi kok. tetap update ya :)

salam,
Ross Shield

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